In the midst of the devastating humanitarian crisis that is fast deteriorating in Sudan, we, representing 94 humanitarian, civil society and human rights organizations, urgently appeal for the re-establishment of telecommunications infrastructure across the entire country.
Sudan has become the world’s worst displacement crisis and is on the brink of becoming the world’s worst hunger crisis. In total, more than half of Sudan’s population – nearly 25 million people – need humanitarian aid. Over a year of relentless warfare and indiscriminate violence have destroyed homes, towns, livelihoods, and critical civilian infrastructure.
Indiscriminate attacks and disruption of telecommunications by warring parties have severely affected civilians’ ability to cope with the effects of the war, as well as aid workers’ capacity to deliver essential services, with local responders most severely impacted.
Both sides have consistently used targeted attacks on telecommunication infrastructure or the imposition of bureaucratic restrictions (such as the banning of the importation and use of certain satellite-internet devices) severely impacting civilian populations. When available, internet access has been instrumental in assisting civilians share and receive critical and often lifesaving information, including about safe areas and routes.
Civilians also use the internet to access cash and bank transfers—often receiving support from relatives living overseas–which for many has become a lifeline, allowing them to purchase the most basic necessities like food and water.
Local aid groups, who have been the first and main responders in most conflict-affected parts of the country, rely heavily on telecommunications to reach vulnerable communities and receive funding for their lifesaving activities.
In areas where formal telecommunication is barely functioning, both civilians and Local Responders such as Emergency Response Rooms (ERRs) often connect through informal “Starlink” internet cafes. Humanitarian organizations also rely on functional telecommunications to coordinate and safely deliver relief efforts, particularly providing cash assistance into the most remote areas.
A nationwide telecommunication shutdown in February 2024 left almost 30 million Sudanese without access to the internet or telephone calls for more than a month. Across the country, those experiencing the horrors of war have been separated from and unable to contact their families and loved ones. While some levels of services were restored in the east of the country, large swathes of territory remain disconnected from the network providers such as Zain, MTN, and Sudani – namely the Darfur region, and parts of Khartoum and Kordofan.
The same areas are also the most exposed to conflict and famine, making the consequences of telecommunications blackouts even more life-threatening. In some areas cut off from broader telecommunications, the only available service has been via satellite connectivity devices such as Starlink.
Whilst the cost of satellite services is prohibitive to most civilians and there are significant restrictions on the importation of satellite equipment, such services remain critical for both international humanitarian organizations and local responders to remain operational in Sudan.
While there remain valid concerns around the use of this technology, as with all other telecommunications systems, by the parties to the conflict, the potential shutdown of Starlink (as announced in April 2024) would have a disproportionate effect on civilians and the aid organizations who are trying to reach them.
We call upon all stakeholders to ensure the uninterrupted provision of telecommunication services in Sudan. Any shutdown of telecommunication services is a violation of human rights and may be considered as a collective punishment that will not only isolate individuals from their support networks but also exacerbate the already dire economic situation facing millions.
Telecommunications infrastructure should be considered critical civilian infrastructure. As such, parties to the conflict must refrain from attacking, destroying, damaging, or otherwise rendering inoperable telecommunications infrastructure; facilitate the rehabilitation of damaged systems; and ensure telecommunications services are accessible to all, regardless of where they live. In addition, they should lift restrictions on all satellite internet and actively facilitate the importation of satellite-internet devices.
All service providers able to ensure connectivity in Sudan must immediately ensure that access to the internet remains accessible without interruption or additional cost increases. This includes diversifying the means to access the internet, such as solutions based on satellite (including, though not limited to, Starlink) and WiMAX technology, or the use of eSIMs near the country’s borders.
Development donors and financial institutions should support the development of the telecommunication sector in the longer term, by promoting decentralized infrastructure and fewer barriers to entering the telecom market for smaller businesses.
The United Nations, through the Emergency Telecommunications Cluster, must urgently increase emergency telecommunication capacity in Darfur and the Kordofans and provide access to the services to all humanitarian actors, including expanding its services to civilians until other options become available.
Signatories:
- Access Now
- Action Against Hunger
- ADRA
- African Centre for Justic and Peace Studies
- African Freedom of Expression Exchange (AFEX)
- Africa Media and Information Technology Initiative (AfriMITI)
- African Middle Eastern Leadership Project (AMEL)
- AfricTivistes
- AISPO
- Almostagball for Enlightenment and Development Organization (AEDO)
- Bloggers Association of Kenya (BAKE)
- Blueprint for Free Speech
- CAFOD
- CARE
- Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD Ethiopia)
- Coalition for Darfur Women Human Rights Defenders
- Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA)
- Computech Institute
- Connect Rurals
- Cooperazione Internazionale
- Danish Refugee Council
- Digital Grassroots (DIGRA)
- Digital Rights Kashmir
- Digital Rights Lab – Sudan
- EMERGENCY NGO
- Fikra for Studies and Development
- Free Press Unlimited
- Global Digital Inclusion Partnership (GDIP)
- Global Programming Overseas
- Guardians Organization
- Hopes & Actions Foundation
- Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust
- Humanity for Development & Prosperity Organization
- Human Rights Journalists Network Nigeria
- International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute
- International Press Institute
- International Rescue Committee
- International Medical Committee
- Intersos
- Islamic Relief Worldwide
- JCA-NET(Japan)
- Jonction
- Kandoo
- KICTANet
- Kijiji Yeetu
- LastMile4D
- Life campaign to abolish the death sentence in Kurdistan
- LM International
- Medair
- Media Diversity Institute – Armenia
- Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA)
- Mercy Corps
- Miaan Group
- Nobel Women’s Initiative
- Nonviolent Peaceforce
- Nora Center for Combating Sexual Violence
- Norwegian Church Aid
- Norwegian Refugee Council
- ONG Women Be Free
- OONI (Open Observatory of Network Interference)
- OpenNet Africa
- Organization of the Justice Campaign
- PAEMA
- Paradigm Initiative
- PEN America
- Plan International
- Premiere Urgence International
- Presbyterian Church (USA) Office of Public Witness
- Refugees International
- Regional Coalition for Women Human Rights Defenders in Southwest Asia and North Africa
- Rights for Peace
- Save the Children
- Saferworld
- Solidarites International
- Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network (SAFEnet)
- Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA)
- Sudanese American Public Affairs Association
- Sudan Human Rights Hub
- Sudan Human Rights Network
- Sudan Peace & Security Monitor
- Sudan Women Rights Action
- The Circle
- The Tor Project
- Tomorrow’s Smile Organization
- Ubunteam
- United Nations Association – UK
- US-Educated Sudanese Association (USESA)
- Voices for Interactive Choice and Empowerment (VOICE)
- Waging Peace
- Women’s International Peace Centre
- World Vision International
- YODET
- Youths and Environmental Advocacy Centre (YEAC-Nigeria)
- Zaina Foundation