The gig economy is increasingly becoming the norm across the globe, especially among youthful population.
Africa has also plugged into this transformative way of work, helping to address the rampant joblessness.
In Kenya, platforms such as Glovo, Uber, and Bolt, among others have created opportunities for thousands who earn a living providing services such as making deliveries for online goods and being drivers of ride-hailing platforms.
Apart from assuaging the severity of unemployment in Africa, the gig economy is proving popular thanks to its benefits, one of which is flexible mode of operation. You can for instance choose when, where and how to much time to work.
For those people who value their freedom, this flexible mode of work is godsend, as opposed to legacy firms where you invariably have to clock in at 8am and leave at 5pm.
But while there are plenty of benefits and opportunities that can be reaped from the gig economy, on the flipside there are quite a number of setbacks too.
Some of the key challenges that have been repeatedly captured in various surveys include lack of benefits such as pension, leaves, and comparatively low pay. Also, unilateral disciplinary measures such removal from the platforms are common, with the employees having no place to go for recourse.
A research conducted last year focusing on Kenya has revealed that despites their many advantages, gig jobs are not a bed of roses all the way.
The survey, ‘Kenya 2021 Labour Standards in the Gig Economy’ by Australian consultancy firm Fairwork’s, indicated that many gig workers are likely to earn below the minimum wage.
The report says only those working for delivery firm Glovo “are likely to earn the equivalent of minimum wage levels” after costs such as fuel, vehicle maintenance and mobile data.
“Only one of the platforms in our study (Glovo) provided sufficient evidence to show that their workers did not fall below statutory minimum wage levels for their active working hours, after costs were taken into account,” the report says.
“While many of the workers in our study reported earnings above minimum wages on platforms, we could not evidence that they were guaranteed minimum net earnings in line with statutory provisions.”
In Kenya, the minimum monthly salary for a driver in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu is Sh18,319.5, while in other former municipalities and town councils such as Limuru, Mavoko and Ruiru, they get Sh16,907.9.
The minimum wage in Kenya depends on location and job type, ranging from Sh121.3 per hour for a labourer in a city, to Sh275.95 for an artisan.
Fairwork’s findings note that while there is no obvious category that is relevant to most gig workers, it assessed the majority of platforms against the category of ‘car driver’ at Sh164.9 per hour.
The survey noted that the platforms do not largely comply with the labour laws, and hence their tendency to pay below the minimum wages. The laws themselves are old having been formulated long before the advent of the digital economy.
“Kenya’s current employment legislation was passed over a decade ago, before the emergence of gig work,” the report notes.
This makes it easy for platforms to skirt around the laws without necessarily flouting them.
“Platforms have therefore been able to circumvent statutory obligations” the report says “by ensuring that their contracts with workers do not align within any of the categories in the Employment Act”.
The survey recommends policy change to, among others, ensure platforms allow workers to access and transfer benefits such as health insurance and pension from one platform to another.
In several occasions, drivers of ride-hailing firms Uber, Bolt and Little Cab have threatened to stop working if the platforms failed to increase fares and commissions in the wake of increased fuel prices.
The operators said their earnings have reduced drastically and made it difficult for those with car loans to meet their financial obligations and keep up with repayments in an environment of static fares and commission.
Petrol prices are currently at historic high, with a litre retailing at Sh178.30, underlining the rising cost pressure for partner-drivers.
Gig workers also suffer from income volatility and the lack of a safety net in the event of illness or inability to work.
Under these conditions, the survey says, workers are unlikely to experience the autonomy the platforms claim and instead become dependent on and controlled by the technology start-ups.
“Incomes for platform workers are extremely unpredictable, as a consequence of circumstances they have no control over, including fluctuations in demand, an oversupply of new workers signing up to platforms, changes in key costs such as the price of fuel, and platforms’ ability to change their ‘commission’ at any time,” the report says.
“While workers may at times earn a minimum or living wage through platform work, they have no assurances that their living costs will be covered in a given month.”
The vulnerability of gig workers was particularly evident during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.
It was during this time when they were forced to work in some of the riskiest conditions without any social protections such as medical covers and retirement benefits.
Not working was not a viable option since the majority rely on the platforms as the main source of income for themselves and their dependents.
“Because platform workers are generally barred from accessing social protection due to their ‘self-employed’ classification, the perils of working during the pandemic have been amplified for them,” the report says.
“The majority of platform workers worldwide have not been able to afford to self-isolate or take days off, in the absence of paid sick leave or sickness benefits.”
The finding is supported by an International Labour Organization (ILO) study that showed that seven out of 10 platform workers could not receive compensation or paid leave if they tested positive —posing a risk to both themselves and others.
“When Covid-19 lockdowns hit, the extreme degree of this income insecurity was felt by many platform workers, who either lost their incomes entirely if they were unable to work due to restrictions, or had no choice but to continue to work, and risk exposure to the virus,” the report notes.
ILO added that the pandemic slashed the incomes of nine out of 10 ride hailing drivers and seven out of 10 delivery workers in the countries surveyed, including Kenya.
Other challenges that the workers face include account suspension and deactivations by operators without giving them an opportunity to reply to the claims, the survey shows.
“One big issue is the threat of account suspension or deactivation, for instance if workers fall below a certain rating, if they receive a customer complaint, or as a result of technical errors in navigating platforms’ interfaces,” Fairwork’s research states.
“In these cases, workers lose their ability to earn income through the app without warning, and as our research found in many cases, without the ability to appeal or rectify the situation.”
Customers and drivers or riders sometimes clash over fares charged, routes taken, abusive language, drunkenness and other issues perpetrated by one or both parties.
In such cases, gig workers are often reported to the platforms or given poor service ratings.
The report added that platforms must demonstrate an avenue for workers to meaningfully appeal disciplinary actions.
Because workers are not protected by legal provisions guarding against unfair dismissal without notice, the report notes that threat of instant deactivation contributes to insecurity in gig work.
It also undermines workers’ ability to organise and protest platform conditions for fear of being deactivated as a result. Gig workers have expressed their willingness collectively organise to advocate for their rights though.
Fairwork found that 99 percent of them currently do not belong to any union.
George Kashindi, a partner at Munyao Muthama and Kashindi Advocates, earlier said that gig workers have been let down by regulatory gaps in the employment laws that only specify rules for the traditional working relationships.
The Kenyan Employment Act doesn’t cater for employees in newer platforms brought about by technology or the pandemic times which have necessitated from working from home or virtually.
“The law did not foresee a structure where we have this kind of workers and their relationship being different from normal. The current employment laws only benefit the modules where you go to work and get a salary,” Mr Kashindi said.
Globally, there are several ongoing legal battles to better regulate the platforms and improve the welfare of the gig workers, with the companies lobbying and suing to protect their business models.
The state of California, for instance, recently lost the fight to have companies like Uber and Lyft classify their workers as employees. The workers, however, got minimum earnings, accident insurance, and a healthcare stipend out of the process.